ORGANIC FUNGAL CONTROL

Plant diseases can be baffling for the gardener to diagnose, even experts can have problems! A variety of microorganisms including fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes cause plant disease, and they are known as pathogens.

It is worth remembering that the numbers of beneficial microorganisms far outweigh the plant pathogens. Beneficial microorganisms can live in a symbiotic relationship with plants, improving their fertility and disease resistance. Other microorganisms that live in the soil are predatory, and help to suppress plant diseases; this includes fungi that prey on nematodes. Most significant, though, is the cycling of organic material, within the soil, by the microorganisms, which cause decomposition. The organic gardener relies on this cycling to produce compost and build a healthy soil.

While it is helpful to identify plant disease, most organic solutions are aimed at being preventative, by improving the natural balance within the garden. Plant diseases have complex causes, often related to soil health and plant selection.

In addition to the organic remedies listed in the table for each disease, all of the strategies for disease control will make a difference in the long term. The simplest strategy of all, however, is to always remove a sick looking plant and destroy it. This is putting the overall health of the garden above that of an individual plant‘s survival.

DISEASES Including Fungus, Bacteria and Viruses	PLANTS AFFECTED	DESCRIPTION & DAMAGE	ORGANIC REMEDIES General strategies that apply to all diseases are listed below the chart
FUNGAL DISEASES
Anthracnose	Rose; fruit trees including avocado, mango, macadamia; wide range of vegetables including bean, watermelon, rockmelon, tomato, cucumber & lettuce	In roses, can be confused with Black spot; begins as a black mark with well-defined margins but the centre turns grey and falls out, leaving a black edge. In fruits, circular, sunken spots or craters are formed. Prevalent in cool, humid weather. Spread by gardeners, tools, seed & rain.	Select resistant varieties. Avoid overhead irrigation & improve air circulation. Crop rotation. Remove & destroy infected plants. Use disease-free seed. On trees, prune all dead wood & twigs and burn prunings (where possible).
Black Spot	Rose	Black spots with fringed margins on the upper leaf surface, stems and branches. Leaves yellow and fall. Spread by wind, water, gardeners & insects. Worse in warm, humid conditions.	Select resistant varieties, remove plants that are constantly infected. Avoid overhead watering & improve air circulation. Remove any damaged leaves as they appear, prune off old flower stems and destroy the prunings. Research has shown oat straw is the best mulch followed by pine bark. A deficiency of potassium makes roses more vulnerable, if needed add 150 g per plant of sulphate of potash. Spray seaweed regularly
Botrytis (Grey mould)	Wide variety of plants including strawberry, grape, berry, ornamentals & rose	Furry, grey fungus growth covers affected parts. Strawberries become soft, rotten and pale. Worse in cool, humid weather.	Improve air circulation, remove lower, older foliage. Spray with Bordeaux when dormant, keep well mulched.
Brown rot	Stonefruit	Kills blossoms, rots fruit on trees or after harvesting; twig infections show small cankers with gum extruding. Infected fruit has buff coloured powdery spores on soft brown rot.	Stone fruit can be pruned as soon as the fruit is harvested. Clean up dead leaves, remove ‘mummified’ fruit and prune off diseased wood. Burning prunings (where possible) is the most effective way of destroying spores. Spray with Bordeaux in winter.
Collar Rot	Citrus	This is a soil fungus that attacks the tree trunk at ground level and if left untreated can kill the tree. The first signs are splitting, oozing bark and yellowing foliage.	Avoid wetting the trunk when watering. Good air circulation is needed, prevent mulch or long grass building up around the base of the trunk. Avoid using a brushcutter close to fruit trees, as it is a common cause of injury. If the infected area extends fully around the tree trunk, then buy a new tree. If the tree is still viable then treat by cutting affected wood back to clean bark using a sharp knife or chisel. Shape the wound to allow for water drainage.
Damping off	Seedlings	Seeds rot before germination or the stem of the seedling shrivels at ground level	Keep mulch clear of seedling stems in hot, humid weather. Use a good quality seed raising mix. Oxygen is important to the seed’s ability to successfully germinate, so avoid over-watering & overcrowding.
Downy mildew	Wide range of vegetables, ornamental plants & fruit trees including grape	Small, angular, light yellow or brownish spots appear on the upper surface of leaves. Underneath the leaf these spots produce white fluffy spores. It causes stunting, wilting, yellowing and the death of seedlings. It is common in cool, wet weather. Spread by wind.	Mulch. Avoid overhead irrigation. Select resistant varieties. Remove leaves as soon as they are affected. Spray vulnerable plants regularly with seaweed based product.
Peach leaf curl	Stone fruit particularly peach, nectarine & almond	Thickened pinkish or green blisters on the leaves, tree may become completely defoliated. Spread by water.	Collect mummified fruit; destroy by burning in a wood heater or burying in a deep hole. Spray at early bud swell with Bordeaux.
Powdery mildew	Wide range of vegetables including pumpkin, cucumber, pea & turnip; ornamentals including rose & crepe myrtle; fruit trees including grape, pawpaw, strawberry & apple (particularly Jonathan, Gravenstein & Rome Beauty)	Circular white powdery spots on older leaves and stems. These spread, the leaves die, cropping is reduced. Spread by wind. Worse in dry weather with evening dew.	Mulch Avoid overhead irrigation Select resistant varieties. Remove leaves as soon as they are affected; thousands of new spores are produced within 4 days. Spray vulnerable plants regularly with seaweed based product. After rose pruning, spray with lime sulphur. For apples, prune out infected shoots in winter. For pawpaws, dust or spray with sulphur, only when below 24°C. Spray grapes when the shoots are first starting, with Bordeaux or wettable sulphur. Milk spray is effective.
Phytophthora spp. (Root rot fungus)	Avocado, citrus & macadamia	Foliage starts to die, often on just one side; the tree dies from the top down. Most common in hot, moist conditions, especially with poor drainage. Fungus lives indefinitely in the soil.	Beds should be raised to ensure good drainage. Applications of compost have been shown to reduce attack by this fungus.
Rust	Wide range of vegetables including bean, beetroot, silverbeet, spinach; ornamentals including azalea, rose, geranium; stone fruit	Orange, brown, powdery pustules underneath the leaves. Leaves yellow and drop early, plant loses vigour. Spores are spread by water and wind.	Crop rotation Mulch Avoid overhead irrigation Select resistant varieties eg snake beans are resistant to bean rust.
Shot-hole & Freckle	Stonefruit, particularly Japanese plum & apricot	Different symptoms but usually treated the same. Characteristics of shot-hole are brown leaf spots that fall out, and fruit develops scabs and gumming. Characteristics of Freckle are olive green spots on fruit and oval brown spots on twigs.	Prune trees back hard. Spray with Bordeaux when dormant.
Sooty mould	Wide range of plants including citrus & lillypilly	Some pests, including scales and aphids, secrete large amounts of ‘honeydew’, which sticks to the lower leaves where it is fed on by this fungus. It looks unattractive and interferes with photosynthesis. Honeydew also attracts ants, which feed on it. The ants can ‘farm’ the pests, protecting them from predators.	The first step is always to control any ants, as without their protection the natural predators will usually be able to keep the pests, and therefore the sooty mould, under control. Keep ants out by banding the trunks with a horticultural glue. Prune any low branches that are touching the ground and make sure tall stems of grass aren’t providing an alternative route for the ants.
Verticillium wilt & Fusarium wilt	Wide range of plants including rose, tomato & potato	These soil fungi invade roots and cause yellowing, stunting & rapid wilting. Spread by water, seeds and tools. More prevalent in warm, dry weather	Use strategies for soil-borne fungus. Remove & destroy infected plants. Ensure good drainage Long crop rotation (8 years) Select resistant varieties
BACTERIAL DISEASES
Bacterial soft rots	Lettuce, carrot, celery, potato, corn, cabbage family	Wet, slimy patches, often foul smelling. No spores present as this is not a fungus.	Avoid over-watering & watering during the heat of the day Use strategies for soil-borne disease. Remove & destroy infected plants Crop rotation Select resistant varieties; open-hearted lettuces such as Cos & Mignonette lettuce are less vulnerable than crisphead types.
Black rot	Cabbage family	Discoloured areas on stems, in cross-section black strands can be seen, causes loss of vigour, rotting and death of seedlings. Spread by infected seed, wind, water and insects.	Use strategies for soil-borne disease. Remove & destroy infected plants. Crop rotation. Select resistant varieties. If Black rot has been a problem previously, soak cabbage seed in hot water at 50°C for 23 minutes, other brassica for 18 minutes, before sowing.
Bacterial canker (gummosis)	Stonefruit, cherry	Cankers on twigs, dark, splitting bark	Prune immediately, disinfecting tools and hands between cuts. Spray with Bordeaux when dormant.
VIRUS
Mosaic	Vegetables including cucurbits, potato, turnip; ornamentals including rose & iris	Plants are severely stunted. Leaves are yellow and mottled, sometimes with curled leaf edges	Spread by aphids & gardeners. Remove & destroy infected plants. Select resistant varieties.
Woody passionfruit virus	Passionfruit	Fruit has a thickened rind, leaves may be mottled yellow	No cure, remove & destroy infected plants. Compost and mulch can help prevent infection.
NEMATODE
Root knot nematode (eelworms)	Wide range of plants, including rose, potato, carrot, tomato, lettuce, zucchini	Nematodes burrow into the roots and stimulate the development of galls, or lumps on the roots. Infected plants are stunted and wilt rapidly in hot weather. On potatoes they cause wart-like lesions on the skin.	When harvesting, remove as much infected root from the soil as possible and destroy. Use strategies for soil-borne disease. Digging fresh chicken manure into a hot, dry soil, something normally to be avoided, has been shown to reduce nematode numbers. Leave the soil undisturbed for at least 3 weeks. Drenching with water and molasses or sugar can also kill nematodes, but will have a negative impact on soil life.

LONG TERM STRATEGIES TO COMBAT DISEASE PROBLEMS

The overall design of your garden plays an important part in creating and maintaining ‘garden health’. Make sure that the soil is well drained, that airflow is good and that only plants that like the shade are planted there. Good plant selection alone can make an enormous difference to the health of the garden.

PLANT SELECTION

Selecting the plants most suited to your area, whether ornamentals, vegetables or fruit trees will reward you with minimal disease problems. At it’s most basic, being suitable means the plant evolved in a climatic zone similar to your own. So a plant native to the Mediterranean such as a fig or grape will do best in areas with dry summers. If your area has wet summers than be prepared for problems with Mediterranean plants and do your best to select a planting spot with excellent ventilation and good drainage. If you live in an area with hot, humid summers then it makes sense to select plants that have developed in these areas; most European vegetables have an Asian equivalent that is likely to be more disease resistant. So try substituting snake beans for French beans, angled luffa for zucchini, Ceylon spinach for silverbeet and so on. Getting the timing right can also reduce disease problems; avoid planting vegetables prone to rust, powdery or downy mildew just prior to periods of expected high humidity.

Be aware that buying certified disease-free planting material, particularly of strawberries and potatoes, will reduce your disease risk. Planting imported garlic, purchased at the greengrocers, also carries a serious viral disease risk.

SOIL HEALTH

Plant health is as dependent on the soil, as our own health is on what we eat. Pay attention to feeding the soil and its micro-fauna. Just as many pests are controlled in an organic garden by predatory insects so can many diseases be controlled by a diverse and abundant soil life. Increase the organic matter by composting, green manuring and mulching. These organic practices are well covered in previous editions of the Organic Gardener. Mulching acts as a barrier and helps restrict the spread of fungal spores from the soil onto the plant. Trace elements are critical to plant health; seaweed is a good way to add these essential nutrients. Avoid high nitrogen fertilisers, especially in summer when fungal problems are at their height, as soft new growth is very vulnerable to disease.

Golden rule: Stay out of the garden when it is wet.

The strategies below should be seen as a regular part of good gardening practice, they are preventative strategies rather than a response to the actual presence of disease.

SANITATION

Garden and orchard hygiene are basic to reducing disease problems, the old saying ‘an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure’ applies.

Regular clean-ups are part of good gardening practice and help to prevent pathogens over-wintering in the garden. Jobs include:

· Collection of fallen fruit and ‘mummified’ fruit still hanging on the tree. Feed it to animals or burn it, as compost is unlikely to be hot enough to break the disease cycle. If chickens or other animals can be allowed to forage under the trees, this job is made easier and the results are more effective.

· Disposal of infected plants is important. The usual recommendation is to burn it; this is the most effective way of destroying spores but is obviously not a very environmental solution. Sealing it in a black plastic bag, and placing it in the sun can provide enough heat to kill spores.

· Seasonal collection of dead leaves and plant debris after the harvest.

Pruning of dead wood, including infected twigs that are harbouring disease.
Disinfection of tools during and after cutting diseased wood. Do this by dipping tools into metho or a weak solution of Dettol or tea tree oil.
Keeping on top of weeds, as they can be hosts to both pest insects and diseases. For example, chickweed is believed to be a host to tomato spotted wilt virus.

CROP ROTATION

Crop rotation is an essential practice for disease control. To control fungal problems, use long crop rotations of 3 to 5 years. It is important to remember to rotate the plant family, not just the individual vegetable. So if potatoes were planted in an area, a following planting would not include members of the potato family like tomatoes, capsicums and eggplants. For a list of the vegetable families see the Organic Gardener Autumn 2002.

WATERING

Keep water off the leaves as much as possible, by watering from below. Fungal spores are often spread by water droplets. Most fungal spores need to be immersed in water for a number of hours in order to germinate, black spot for example needs to be constantly moist for 7 hours to establish. If you have to overhead water, do it early in the day to allow leaves to dry off.

LEAST TOXIC SPRAYS

Organic sprays are preventative and need to be used before the disease problems are established.

Summer is when fungal problems usually appear. All of the following materials are considered acceptable organic inputs.

SEAWEED SPRAY

Using seaweed as a foliar spray will provide your plants with trace elements they need to resist disease. Seaweed strengthens the plant cell walls and changes the pH of the leaf surface making it less attractive to the fungal spores. Spray every 2 to 3 weeks during peak periods for fungal disease.

HOMEMADE ROSE FUNGICIDE

Dissolve 1 rounded tablespoon of baking soda (soda bicarbonate) in 4.5 litres of water. Add 2¹/₂ tablespoons of Pest Oil. Agitate. Spray weekly as a preventative on roses for black spot and mildew.

CONDYS CRYSTALS

Condy’s crystals (potassium permanganate) are used to control black spot and powdery mildew. Spray at two week intervals. To make a spray, mix 5g of Condy’s crystals with 5 litres of water, use at once.

LIME SULPHUR

Lime sulphur is used to control leaf curl, shot hole, freckle and rust on stonefruit; black spot and powdery mildew on apples and ornamentals. Do not use on apricots; if the temperature is over 32ºC; or within 10 days of an oil spray. As with all sprays, read the instructions carefully.

BORDEAUX

An organic fungicide in use since 1882. The spray can bought pre-mixed. It is useful as a dormant spray for fruit trees.

MILK SPRAY

Spray with milk as a preventative fungicide for powdery mildew in a ratio of one part milk to 9 parts water. Research is being done to see why this works but the important thing is that it really does seem to work!

ADDITIONAL STRATEGIES FOR SOIL-BORNE DISEASES

SOLARISATION

This is a useful remedy for soil-borne diseases; it can also help combat stubborn weeds. To be effective do this in summer and first water the soil well. Then cover the soil with clear 4mm thick plastic. Stretch the plastic over the area, get it as close to the soil as possible. Bury the edges by digging a narrow trench, tucking the plastic in and back-filling. The aim is to raise the temperature to between 45ºC and 50ºC in the top 10 cms of soil. This is high enough to kill disease pathogens but most beneficial soil organisms will survive. Leave the plastic in place for 4 to 6 weeks and then plant as usual.

GREEN MANURE

Plant a green manure specifically for soil diseases in beds that have had problems over the summer. Use plants such as rapeseed (canola), BQ Mulch, marigolds or Indian mustard that contain high levels of bio-fumigant compounds. When these plants are dug into the soil, they release chemicals, which control nematodes and fungal pathogens.

DISCLAIMER:

No liability will be accepted by Green Harvest, its owners or employees as to the accuracy of any information. No responsibility will be taken for damage to property or persons due to information given about a product or technique. No responsibility will be taken for the loss of a crop or income due to information given about a product or technique.